Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is known to affect approximately 4–12% of children, and continues into adulthood for approximately 50% of those diagnosed in childhood. There have been major advances in its treatment and understanding in the last decade. Among these are the availability of newer formulations, an appreciation of the combined effects of medication and behavioural therapies, and a better understanding of the neurobiology of the disorder in adults. This article provides an overview of the efficacy, safety profiles and legal framework of medications used for the management of ADHD and will be followed by reviews of the situation in specific European countries.